Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/10316/105324
Title: Cancer Stem Cells and Nucleolin as Drivers of Carcinogenesis
Authors: Carvalho, Laura Sofia 
Gonçalves, Nélio 
Fonseca, Nuno André 
Moreira, João Nuno 
Keywords: tumor heterogeneity; drug resistance; cancer stem cells; nucleolin; targeted therapies; epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
Issue Date: 13-Jan-2021
Publisher: MDPI
Project: POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016390 
CENTRO-01-0145- FEDER-000012-HealthyAging2020 
Euronanomed (FCT reference ENMed/0005/2015) 
UIDB/04539/2020 
metadata.degois.publication.title: Pharmaceuticals
metadata.degois.publication.volume: 14
metadata.degois.publication.issue: 1
Abstract: Cancer, one of the most mortal diseases worldwide, is characterized by the gain of specific features and cellular heterogeneity. Clonal evolution is an established theory to explain heterogeneity, but the discovery of cancer stem cells expanded the concept to include the hierarchical growth and plasticity of cancer cells. The activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and its molecular players are widely correlated with the presence of cancer stem cells in tumors. Moreover, the acquisition of certain oncological features may be partially attributed to alterations in the levels, location or function of nucleolin, a multifunctional protein involved in several cellular processes. This review aims at integrating the established hallmarks of cancer with the plasticity of cancer cells as an emerging hallmark; responsible for tumor heterogeneity; therapy resistance and relapse. The discussion will contextualize the involvement of nucleolin in the establishment of cancer hallmarks and its application as a marker protein for targeted anticancer therapies.
URI: https://hdl.handle.net/10316/105324
ISSN: 1424-8247
DOI: 10.3390/ph14010060
Rights: openAccess
Appears in Collections:I&D CNC - Artigos em Revistas Internacionais
I&D CIBB - Artigos em Revistas Internacionais

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