Impacts of invasive ants on pollination of native plants are similar in invaded and restored plant communities

Abstract

Ants are amongst the most successful invaders worldwide and can markedly modify invaded communities through biotic interactions. Invasive ants, for example, can compete with native pollinators for resources, act as legitimate pollinators, or disrupt plant-pollinator mutualistic interactions, thereby affecting native plant reproduction. Ecological restoration aims to mitigate the impact of invasive species and restore ecological communities and ecosystem functioning. Here we investigated the combined effects of two invasive ant species, the yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) and white-footed ant (Technomyrmex albipes), on the pollination and reproduction of native plants in the context of a large-scale plant community restoration experiment. We conducted ant exclusion experiments and pollinator observations to obtain data on plant reproduction and pollination of four plant species. The experiments were conducted across eight granitic inselbergs on the island of Mah´e, Seychelles, four of which are undergoing restoration since 2011 and four remained as invaded control sites (unrestored). Our findings indicate that native plants on Seychelles’ inselbergs relied primarily on flying flower visitors for pollination, considering that the contribution of ants to fruit set was generally small and substantially lower than that of flying pollinators. Moreover, while flying pollinators approached flowering plants irrespective of invasive ant presence, the number of probed flowers per visit was reduced, in both restored and unrestored communities. Therefore, native plant reproduction was negatively affected by the presence of invasive ants and this effect was similar in restored and unrestored plant communities. Our research suggests that invasive ants may contribute to changes in plant communities by deterring legitimate pollinators of native plants, an impact that is unlikely to be alleviated through early stages of ecological restoration.