Tree-ring growth and intra-annual density fluctuations of Pinus pinaster responses to climate: does size matter?

Abstract

Dendroclimatology generally assumes that climate–growth relationships are age and size independent. However, there is evidence that climate response can be unstable across different age/size classes. In addition, the occurrence of some anatomical features, such as intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs), is age dependent. The present study investigates whether the climate–growth responses and the occurrence of IADFs in an even-aged stand of Pinus pinaster Ait., growing under Mediterranean climate, are also size-dependent. We randomly selected 60 P. pinaster trees falling within two stem diameter classes: small (<27 cm) and large (>35 cm). Tree rings were crossdated, measured and IADFs identified according to their position within the ring. The residual chronologies of both size classes were strongly correlated, suggesting a common signal. In fact, similar growth–climate relationships were observed in large and small trees. The frequency of IADFs was higher in large than in small trees, suggesting that IADFs were more likely to occur in wider rings of fast-growing trees. In both size classes, most of the IADFs were found in latewood. Latewood IADFs were triggered by the combination of dry June, wet September, and warm December, whereas IADFs located at the end of earlywood were triggered by previous winter precipitation and favorable conditions before summer (high precipitation for large trees and lower temperature for small trees). Our results suggest that IADFs can be a mechanism used at the individual level for adaptation to drought in P. pinaster. The climatic signal of IADFs between earlywood and latewood was mediated by stem size suggesting that future tree-ring studies should include trees stratified by size to better estimate the sensitivity of IADFs to climate.