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Title: | Blood Biomarkers Variations across the Pre-Season and Interactions with Training Load: A Study in Professional Soccer Players | Authors: | Clemente, Filipe Manuel González-Fernández, Francisco Tomás Ceylan, Halil Ibrahim Silva, Rui Younesi, Saeid Chen, Yung-Sheng Badicu, Georgian Wolański, Paweł Murawska-Ciałowicz, Eugenia |
Keywords: | soccer; performance; biology; workload | Issue Date: | 27-Nov-2021 | Publisher: | MDPI | Project: | UIDB/50008/2020 | Serial title, monograph or event: | Journal of Clinical Medicine | Volume: | 10 | Issue: | 23 | Abstract: | Background: Pre-season training in soccer can induce changes in biological markers in the circulation. However, relationships between chosen hematological and biochemical blood parameters and training load have not been measured. Objective: Analyze the blood measures changes and their relationships with training loads changes after pre-season training. Methodology: Twenty-five professional soccer players were assessed by training load measures (derived from rate of perceived exertion- known as RPE) during the pre-season period. Additionally, blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analyses. Results: For hematological parameters, significant increases were found for platelets (PLT) (dif: 6.42; p = 0.006; d = -0.36), while significant decreases were found for absolute neutrophils count (ANC) (dif: -3.98; p = 0.006; d = 0.11), and absolute monocytes count (AMC) (dif: -16.98; p = 0.001; d = 0.78) after the pre-season period. For biochemical parameters, there were significant increases in creatinine (dif: 5.15; p = 0.001; d = -0.46), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (dif: 12.55; p = 0.001; d = -0.84), C-reactive protein (CRP) (dif: 15.15; p = 0.001; d = -0.67), cortisol (dif: 2.85; p = 0.001; d = -0.28), and testosterone (dif: 5.38; p = 0.001; d = -0.52), whereas there were significant decreases in calcium (dif: -1.31; p = 0.007; d =0.49) and calcium corrected (dif: -2.18; p = 0.015; d = 0.82) after the pre-season period. Moreover, the Hooper Index (dif: 13.22; p = 0.01; d = 0.78), and all derived RPE measures increased after pre-season period. Moderate-to-very large positive and negative correlations (r range: 0.50-0.73) were found between the training load and hematological measures percentage of changes. Moderate-to-large positive and negative correlations (r range: 0.50-0.60) were found between training load and biochemical measures percentage of changes. Conclusions: The results indicated heavy physical loads during the pre-season, leading to a decrease in immune functions. Given the significant relationships between blood and training load measures, monitoring hematological and biochemical measures allow coaches to minimize injury risk, overreaching, and overtraining. | URI: | https://hdl.handle.net/10316/104857 | ISSN: | 2077-0383 | DOI: | 10.3390/jcm10235576 | Rights: | openAccess |
Appears in Collections: | I&D CIDAF - Artigos em Revistas Internacionais |
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